<p>Ripley School Chapel is part of what is now the Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy, located in Ashton Road, Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It is considered to be of architectural importance and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was originally built as a charitable orphanage and school, known as the Ripley Hospital, and was intended particularly for children whose fathers had been lost at sea. It was paid for from the legacy of Thomas Ripley, a merchant who died in 1852, to build such a school along the lines of the Bluecoat School in Liverpool. The building was commissioned by Ripley&#39;s widow, Julia. The foundation stone was laid on 14 July 1856, and the building was completed eight years later, being opened on 3 November 1864 by the Rt Revd James Prince Lee, Bishop of Manchester. Julia Ripley died in 1881, having set up a trust to pay for extensions to the school, which included a chapel. The chapel was designed by the local architects Paley and Austin in 1884–85, and built in 1886–88. It was opened and dedicated by the Bishop of Liverpool on 3 November 1888.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The chapel stands to the east of the school buildings, and is approached by an arcaded walkway. It is constructed in sandstone. On the exterior this is formed into polygonal blocks to match the other school buildings. The stone on the exterior is said to be local, while that on the interior is said to be from Storeton, (then in Cheshire). The chapel is roofed with Westmorland slate, and is in Gothic Revival style. Its plan consists of a nave and chancel under a continuous roof, a south aisle, a north vestry and organ chamber at the east end acting as a transept, and a northwest porch. At the junction of the nave and the chancel is an octagonal flèche. This has an open timber bell stage with a balcony, and contains a single bell; it is surmounted by a weathervane. On the north side of the church, between the nave and the chancel, is a projecting stair turret. This has a flat top, and a parapet decorated with chequerwork. The tracery in the windows is in a fusion of Decorated and Perpendicular styles.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The chapel is the size of a parish church, seating 400 people. At the west end is a narthex, divided from the body of the church by an oak screen. The interior is asymmetrical, with a three-bay south arcade between the nave and the aisle. In the transept, the vestry is at the lower level, with the organ above. The furnishings were designed by C. Blades, and carved by John Jackson. The choir stalls are particularly elaborate, with traceried canopies, and the seats have finials in the shape of lollipops. The oak pulpit stands on a sandstone base, and the pews are also in oak. The east and west windows contain stained glass by Shrigley and Hunt. In the narthex are white marble busts of Thomas and Julia Ripley, and brasses to their memory. The three-manual pipe organ was built in 1888 by Wilkinson and Sons of Kendal, and was overhauled in 1988 by Corkhill of Keighley.</p><br>
<p>Maira Valley  is a valley in south-west of Piedmont in the Province of Cuneo, Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The valley takes its name from the river Maira, a right-hand tributary of the Po which flows through the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipalities of the valley are Busca, Villar San Costanzo, Dronero, Roccabruna, Cartignano, San Damiano Macra, Macra, Celle di Macra, Stroppo, Elva, Canosio, Marmora, Prazzo and Acceglio.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>Among the notable summits which surround the valley (all of them belonging to the Cottian Alps) there are:</p><br>
<p>Monte Oronaye - 3100 m</p><br>
<p>Buc de Nubiera - 3215 m</p><br>
<p>Brec de Chambeyron - 3412 m</p><br>
<p>Tête de la Frema - 3143 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Chersogno - 3026 m</p><br>
<p>Pelvo d&#39;Elva - 3064 m</p><br>
<p>Rocca la Marchisa - 3072 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Maniglia - 3177 m</p><br>
<p>Rocca la Meja - 2831 m</p><br>
<p>Punta Tempesta - 2679 m</p><br>
<p>Isla Pavón  is an island in the Santa Cruz River in the department of Corpen Aike in Santa Cruz province in southern Argentina. The town of Comandante Luis Piedrabuena is on the north bank of the river, just downstream from the island.</p><br>
<p>The English captain Pringle Stokes, who commanded HMS Beagle on her first voyage in 1828, entered the river and recorded the island, about 54 km from the rivers mouth. On the Beagles second voyage in 1834, when Charles Darwin was part of the exploring party, Captain Robert FitzRoy called it "Middle Island".</p><br>
<p>A trading post was established on the island by Luis Piedrabuena in 1859.</p><br>
<p>In 1868 Piedrabuena was granted possession of the island by the government of President Bartolomé Mitre.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 a 650-ton Chilean corvette, the Abtao, arrived at the tiny settlement on Pavón and tried to intimidate the settlers into leaving. Piedrabuena refused to yield.</p><br>
<p>The Schrammacher is a mountain in the Austrian state of Tyrol. At 3,410 or 3,411 m it is, after the Olperer, the second highest peak of the Tux ridge of the Zillertal Alps. With its horn shape and its steep and smooth northwest wall the mountain is imposing from several directions.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Schrammacher is 4 km north-northwest of the Pfitscherjoch (on the border of Italy and Austria) and 4 kilometers west of the Schlegeis reservoir at the head of the Zillertal. The Alpeiner Scharte (2,969 m) to the north connects Schrammacher to Fußstein and Olperer, while to the west the adjacent summit is the Sagwandspitze (3,224 m), where the ridge turns south and continues to the Hohe Wand (3,289 m) on the Austrian-Italian border. The East flank descends 1600 m into the ‘’Zamser Grund”” valley, while the 900 m high, steep northwest face, made of slabby rock, dominates the head of the Alpeiner and Vals valleys to the west. Three glaciers remain on the mountain: the Alpeiner Ferner at the bottom of the northwest wall, the Oberschrammacher Ferner on the southeast slope, and the large Stampflkees to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent took place on August 19, 1847, when the meteorologist, theology professor and mountaineer Peter Karl Thurwieser from Salzburg and the local guides Georg Lechner ("Schneider-Jörgl") and Jakob Huber ("Gainer-Jakl") from Mayrhofen reached the summit from an alp just north of the Pfitscherjoch over the south ridge. Though an account was published in 1847, this ascent was apparently forgotten by the mountaineering society and in 1875 the journal of the German and Austrian Alpine Club reported a first ascent the previous year by the Hungarian scientist and mountaineer Maurice of Dechy of Pest and the Sulden mountain guide Hans Pinggera. This oversight was only rectified in 1901 in the same journal, and the 1874 ascent is still often quoted as the first.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the northwest face by Fritz Drasch and Johannes Lechner on 25 September 1895 was well ahead of its time, foreshadowing the interest in climbing great north faces starting in the 1920s. In 1951, Hermann Buhl led the first winter ascent of this wall.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and routes</h2><br>
<p>The normal route, and the route of both the 1847 and 1874 ascents, leads from the Pfitscherjoch hut (Pfitscherjochhaus) at 2,248 meters north-northeast across the western edge of the Stampflkees (glacier). The route continues on the south ridge to the summit in moderately difficult climbing (UIAA I-II) in a good 5 hours. Other bases from which Schrammacher is climbed are the Olpererhütte (2,389 m, west above the Schlegeis reservoir) and the Gera hut (2,324 m) at the end of Valser valley. The routes from here take over 6 hours and there is an increased risk of rock falls below the Schrammacher walls.</p><br>
<p>Chott el Fejej, also known as Chott el Fedjedj and Chott el Fejaj, is a long, narrow inlet of the endorheic salt lake Chott el Djerid in southern Tunisia.</p><br>
<h2>History and geography</h2><br>
<p>The bottom of Chott el Fejej lies below sea level and runs in a narrow path from the main body of Chott el Djerid to the Tunisian desert oasis of El Hamma, near the Gulf of Gabès on the Mediterranean Sea. The distance from the point where the Chott el Fejej joins the Chott el Djerid to its end near El Hamma is approximately 70 mi. Along its length, Chott el Fejej never widens beyond 20 mi and in many places is considerably more narrow. The easterly end of the Chott el Fejej is separated from Mediterranean by an approximately 13 mi wide ridge of sand near El Hamma.</p><br>
<p>It was this narrow sandy ridge, separating the Chott el Fejej from the Mediterranean Sea, which brought it to the attention of various geographers, engineers and diplomats. These figures looked to create an inland "Sahara Sea" by channelling the waters of the Mediterranean into Sahara Desert basins which lay below sea level. A noted proposal to this effect was put forward in the late 1800s by French geographer François Élie Roudaire and the creator of the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, but stalled after the French government withdrew funding. Later proposals, made as part of Operation Plowshare, posited that nuclear explosives could be used to dig the proposed canal from the Mediterranean to the Chott el Fejej and other below-sea-level basins of the Sahara; these proposals were also fruitless.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Chott el Fejej is a typical chott, or dry lake, of the Sahara. It is underlain, however, by a major anticline known as the Fejej Dome. This anticline and other surrounding structures are argued to be the result of rifting in the Cretaceous period.</p><br>
<p>Sedbergh School Chapel is located to the southeast of Sedbergh School, Sedbergh, Cumbria, England. It is considered to be of architectural importance and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1890 a temporary wooden chapel was built to replace an earlier chapel serving the school, but this was badly damaged by wind in 1893. The Lancaster architects Austin and Paley were commissioned to design a new chapel. This was built in 1895–97 at a cost of £7,827 (equivalent to £ as of ).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is constructed in yellow sandstone with stone slate roofs. Its architectural style is Perpendicular. The church has a cruciform plan, with a nave and chancel under one roof, north and south transepts, and a north porch. There are north and south aisles, which are narrow and low, forming passages down the side of the church, and creating a tall clerestory. At the crossing is a large octagonal flèche. In the chancel are a sedilia, a piscina, and a carved reredos. The windows contain stained glass by Kempe. The two-manual pipe organ was made by Nigel Church, and was previously in St Mary Magdalene&#39;s Church, Hucknall, Nottinghamshire, and was installed in the chapel in 1994 by David Wells of Liverpool. It replaced a three-manual organ made in 1897 by Norman Brothers and Beard, which had been rebuilt in about 1954 by Wilkinson and Son of Kendal.</p><br>
<p>Edgwarebury Brook is a small stream in Edgware in the London Borough of Barnet. It is a tributary of Deans Brook, which is a tributary of the Silk Stream, which is a tributary of the River Brent, which is tributary of the River Thames.</p><br>
<p>The brook rises near Bury Farm on Edgwarebury Lane. It flows south to skirt the western edge of Edgwarebury Park and then goes under Edgware Way and through Edgware to join Deans Brook behind Brook Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The brook goes through three Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs) in its short length. The upper part is the Edgwarebury Brook SINC, a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II. It then passes through Edgware Way Grassland, a Site of Metropolitan Importance, and on to Edgwarebury Park, a Site of Local Importance. After it passes under Edgware Way the water quality is poor and it is mainly culverted, so this last part is not an SINC.</p><br>
<p>Edgwarebury Brook SINC goes through private land, but it can be viewed near its source next to Edgwarebury Lane. There is extensive floating sweet-grass, with clumps of brooklime and water-pepper. Old oak trees are thought to be relics of ancient field boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Jacha Phasa  is an archaeological site in Bolivia located in the La Paz Department, Pacajes Province, Calacoto Municipality, about 2 km north-east of Rosario. It is situated at a height of 4,126 m on top of the mountain Jach&#39;a Phasa north of the Mawri River.</p><br>
<p>The place is covered with more than 50 chullpa and surrounded by a wall. The chullpa are constructed of stone of volcanic origin and mortar of mud and straw.</p><br>
<p>Near Jacha Phasa there are more archaeological sites, the chullpa and the walls of Taypi Phasa (at 17&deg;24&prime;18&Prime;S latitude, 68&deg;47&prime;40&Prime;W longitude) and the walls of Thiya Phasa (Tiaphasa) as well as Chiyara Chullpa situated about 3 km east of Rosario, a place with 78 chullpa.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is a Grade II listed building in Beeston, Nottinghamshire which currently serves as the area police station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was probably constructed around 1820 by Edward Bond, a local farmer, and was initially known as Bonds House. It was later owned by Francis Butcher Gill, a local silk merchant, and in 1872 it was purchased by William Kirkland, a local lace manufacturer. In September 1885 the property was acquired by Edward Smith.</p><br>
<p>After a period in the mid 20th century when the property was used as a homeless shelter, it was acquired by Nottinghamshire County Council and renovated during the 1970s for the Police Area headquarters. It continues to function as the police station for the area today. In November 2012, proposals were put forward to move the police station into the Broxtowe Borough Council offices and close The Grange.</p><br>
<p>The Anglo Scotian Mills is former lace factory in Beeston, Nottinghamshire. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was erected for Francis Wilkinson (1846-1897) in 1892. The architect was James Huckerby of The City, Beeston. On the death of Francis Wilkinson in 1897, the business was taken over by his older brother George Wilkinson until 1909 when the factory was sold to the owners of the nearby Swiss Mills. The new owners, the Pollard family, let lace machine standings and a cotton store to Parkes & Tomlin and eventually Parkes purchased it in 1922.</p><br>
<p>In 1960s the building was used for the manufacture of electrical components, until this business collapsed in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Following the collapse of the business the buildings have been converted for residential use.</p><br>
<p>Iñaq Uyu , yard, cemetery, "pen of the iñaqa, the woman of the noble caste of the Incas", other spellings Iñac Uyu, Iñac Uyo, Iñakuyu, Iñak Uyu, Iñak Uyo), also called Aklla Wasi , is an archaeological site in Bolivia situated on the Isla de la Luna, an island of Lake Titicaca. It is located in the La Paz Department, Manco Kapac Province, Copacabana Municipality</p><br>
<p>Iñaq Uyu dates back to around 1000 C.E. to 1500 C.E. Like the other archaeological sites, Chinkana and Pillkukayna, Iñaq Uyu is located on an island of Lake Titicaca; however, Iñaq Uyu is situated on the Isla de la Luna, rather than the larger Isla Del Sol where Chinkana and Pillkukayna are situated. The name, Iñaq Uyu, has a linguistic origin that speculates that the cemetery was probably used as a burial site for the Incan women of noble and aristocratic hierarchy. Iñaq Uyu’s name roughly translates to “house of the virgins of the sun". This name may have been given because Iñaq Uyu is situated on the Isla de la Luna and away from the Isla Del Sol. Because Iñaq Uyu is away from the Isla Del Sol, it can be considered as a “virgin of the sun.”.</p><br>
<p>Pundranagar in Paundrabhukti was the most important city in the eastern region, now identified with the current site of Mahasthan, located in Bogra, Bangladesh. It was a vibrant administrative, religious and cultural centre from the 3rd century BC to the 12th century AD that is from the Maurya Empire time to the Sena dynasty period. Archaeological remains and literary descriptions speak of a truly planned and magnificent city. City walls, elaborate gates, palaces, common dwellings, assembly halls, temples, viharas, shops, ponds and even suburban temples and viharas characterised the city; Chinese pilgrim, Xuanzang , visiting in the 7th century AD, particularly mentions ponds, orchards, flowers and pleasure gardens.</p><br>
<p>Pundanagar within the Pundravardhana Bhukti suggests it to have been a part of the early historical empires – both Hindu and Buddhist. During the Muslim period the site was not forsaken looking for a new place as was their tradition. The physical feature and the strategic importance of the place must have been of higher priority in the selection process. But the fact that the settlement pattern of the Hindu-Buddhist Period did not hinder in any way their own settlements within the same wall proves that at least in architecture and living way there was a continuity of form and technique which never died out of the Bengalese both liberal and secular.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>There are several theories regarding the word Pundra. According to one theory the word Pundra owes its origin to a disease called Pandu. The land where most of the people were suffering from that disease was called Pundrakshetra (land of Pundra). Punda is a species of sugarcane. The land where that species of sugarcane was extensively cultivated was called Pundadesa (land of Punda). According to later Vedic texts like Aitereya Aryanaka of 8th–7th century BC, the Pundra was a group of non-Aryan people who lived east of the river Sadanira. The Mahabharata also made a similar reference. In the 1st century AD, the land was mentioned as Pundravardhana for the first time in Asokadana.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Some 10 kilometre northeast of Bogra stands Mahasthan, on the banks of the river Karatoya celebrated in ancient literature as a scared river. Karatoya was once a mighty river before its parent stream – the Teesta or Trisrota (meaning combined flow of three rivers – the Karatoya, the Pundrabhava and the Atrai) flowing down from the Jalpaiguri suddenly shifted its old channel and rushed into the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) in the devastating flood of 1787 AD. Mahasthan or Pundranagar was an important location on a major north south navigation as can be seen in James Rennell&#39;s map of Bengal drawn in 1767. It was an impressive fortified citadel enclosed on the south, the west and part of north by a deep moat. Its eastern and part of its northern rampart overlooked the mighty Karatoya. Looking at the dried up skeleton of the river today, one can hardly have any idea of what great role Karatoya played on ancient history of this region. The Karatoya is mentioned in the great epic Mahabharata. A 12th/13th century Sanskrit text, called Karatoya Mahatyam, ascribed to Parsurama, celebrates this river which is described as big as a sea. The Karatoya-Teesta navigation system was the route followed by Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji when he tried to conquer Tibet in 1205/06. A Persian source mentions an army sailing down the river in the 16th century. So it can be surmised that the importance of Pundranagar was due to its location as an important stage in the north-south fluvial axis from the Bay to Nepal and Tibet.</p><br>
<p>It is also believed that the location for the city in the area was decided upon because it is one of the highest areas in Bangladesh. The land in the region is almost 36 m above sea level, whereas Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is around 6 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Varahamihira, writing in the 6th century AD, mentions in his Brhatsamhita the name of six janapadas in the eastern region: Paundra. Vanga, Samatata, Vardhamana, Gaudaka and Tamraliptaka. Important cities and settlements characterised as janapadas. Pundranagar in Paundrabhukti was the most important city in the eastern region, now identified with the current site of Mahasthan. The excavations at Pundranagar till today revealed seven period of occupation. The remnants of these periods are important and show how these finds created a total period of its history.</p><br>
<p>Along with the discoveries of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) pottery whose date is known to vary from the 4th century BC to 2nd century BC points to Pundranagars Buddhist past during the Mauryan rule in the Sub-continent, there is another very strong evidence of its Buddhist past that comes from the accounts of the Chinese pilgrim, Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang). He visited Pundranagar between the years 638 AD and 645 AD. Xuanzang noticed a large stupa near the city which he called Po-Shi-Po. From his descriptions it appears that the site mentioned by him is the Vasu-Vihara, a Buddhist educational institution. Here Ashoka is said to have erected a large stupa on the body relic of the Enlightened One. The Chinese pilgrim claims in his account that Buddha himself came and stayed here for three months preaching his religion. All these references conclusively establish Pundranagars close association with the Mauryan rule. With the dissolution of the Mauryan rule what happened to Pundranagar is still a matter of conjecture. Precise historical records are not available for the Shunga phase which is roughly between the 1st century BC and 73 BC. But the discovery of terracotta figurines assigned to this period strongly suggests that the city of Pundranagar continued to flourish during this period. The discovery of a gold coin bearing the bearded figure of Kanishka on the obverse suggests its association with the Kushanas but it does not conclusively prove their sway over Pundranagar. However, epigraphic records suggest that from the 4th century onward Bengal came to be subjugated by the Guptas and Pundranagar came to be regarded as the stronghold of Gupta defences in the eastern flank of their empire. The Damodarpur copper plate of Buddha Gupta suggests that Pundranagar flourished as the capital of the entire northern Bengal and it formed an integral part of the Gupta empire down to the end of the 5th century. In the early 7th century Shashanka who established an independent rule in Gauda undertook a systematic persecution of the Buddhists and during this period Pundranagars strong Buddhist influence may have suffered an eclipse. It is, however, with the rise of the Palas that Pundranagar once again became the seat of an independent government under Gopala. Though his son Dharmapala shifted his capital to Magadha, Pundranagar continued to thrive under the Palas. Its prosperity continued unabated until the coming of the Muslims in the early 13th century. The Bengal Sultans established their capital in Gauda region. Pundranagar was abandoned and left to fall into decay and ruin.</p><br>
<p>Bangladesh-France joint ventures were conducting excavation with much success since 1993, and until recently the joint mission could unearth eighteen construction layers in the course of excavation. The cultural artefacts obtained from the excavation results could be classified under the following period-heads.</p><br>
<h3>First period</h3><br>
<p>In this period as the remnants of the pre-Mauryan era a large number of Northern Black Polished Wares, Rouletted wares, black and red pottery, black hued polished pots, stone-blocks, mud houses with mud floors, cooking furnace and pillar-pits are reported to have been found in the excavated spots. This was possibly the first human habitation on Pleistocene landscape known as the Barind Tract in the pre-Mauryan times.</p><br>
<h3>Second period</h3><br>
<p>The artefacts which were found of this age are broken tiles, the brickbats, potsherds, ring stones, bronze-mirrors, bronze lamps, dice-cast coins, terracotta plaques and stone beads representing the characteristics of the Mauryan period.</p><br>
<h3>Third period</h3><br>
<p>This is the post-Mauryan age covering the Shunga and Kushana periods. Of the periods the remnants of big and well-protected brick-built structures, the brick-strewn floors, pillar-pits, the terracotta plaques of the Shunga period, the semi-precious stones and beads, the temples&#39; pinnacles and other such artefacts are reported to have been noticed.</p><br>
<h3>Fourth period</h3><br>
<p>In this age are unearthed the antiquarian relics of the Kushan-Gupta periods. A large number of broken clay-pots, artistic terracotta plaques with various figures, the decorated cooking-pots, the dishes and other such items of importance are traced. The architectural remnants of this layer are comparatively less than those of upper and lower layers. Moreover, semi- precious stone and glass beads, dishes and terracotta seals are worth mentioning objects of cultural importance of this age.</p><br>
<h3>Fifth period</h3><br>
<p>This period represents the Gupta and late Gupta phase. The phase yielded remains of a massive brick structure of a temple called Govinda Bhita, located close to the fort-city, belonging to the late Gupta period, as well as other brick structures – houses, floors, streets in the city, and huge antiquities, including terracotta plaques of the characteristic style, seals, beads of terracotta, glass and semi-precious stones, terracotta balls, copper and iron objects and stamped wares.</p><br>
<h3>Sixth period</h3><br>
<p>This period represents the Pala-Sena phase evidenced by architectural remains of several sites scattered throughout the eastern side of the city like Khodar Pathar Bhita, Mankalir Kunda, Parasuram&#39;s palace and Bairagir Bhita. This was the most flourishing phase and during this period a large number of Buddhist establishments were erected outside the city.</p><br>
<h3>Seventh period</h3><br>
<p>This period represents the Muslim phase testified by the architectural remains of a fifteen-domed mosque of the Sultanate period, a single domed mosque built by Farrukh Siyar, the Mughal emperor, and other antiquities like Chinese celadon and glazed ware typical of the age. Bairagir Bhita, Khodar Pathar Bhita, Munkalir Kunda Mound, Parsuram&#39;s palace mound and Jiat Kunda are some sites inside the city which have yielded archaeological objects of interest.</p><br>
<h2>Citadel</h2><br>
<p>A visitor to Mahasthan / Pundranagar is impressed by the city walls enclosing an area of 22,500,000 sq. feet. The citadel (see map alongside), the fortified heart of the ancient city, is rectangular in plan, measuring roughly 1.523 km long from north to south, and 1.371 km from east to west, with high and wide ramparts in all its wings. The Karatoya, once a mighty river but now a small stream, flows on its east but the presence of other ruins and mounds around suggest that the citadel had flourishing suburbs. At present there are several mounds and structural vestiges inside the fortifications. Of these a few of note are: Jiat Kunda (well possessing life giving power), Mankalir Dhap (place consecrated to Mankali), Parasuramer Basgriha (palace of a king named Parasuram), Bairagir Bhita (palace of a female anchorite), Khodar Pathar Bhita (place of stone bestowed by God), and Munir Ghon (a bastion). There are some gateways at different points: Kata Duar (in the north), Dorab Shah Toran (in the east), Burir Fatak (in the south), and Tamra Dawaza (in the west). Besides these, there are 31 other sites and mounds around Mahasthan.</p><br>
<p>Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) visiting Pundranagar in the mid-7th century observed that its circumference was about five miles (30 li). He noticed about 20 Buddhist monasteries accommodating some 3000 monks and about 100 Brahmanical temples, but the greater numbers of heretics were Nirgrantha (Jaina) who went about naked. Sandhyakar Nandi writing in the middle of the 12th century has drawn a glorious picture of the city in his Ramacharita as the crown jewel of Varenda. The splendours of the city&#39;s royal palaces, state secretariate, mansions, luxurious villas of the noblemen and merchants, flourishing marts, ornate temples, assembly halls, the garrison within the heavily fortified city ramparts and moats as portrayed by him seem to be no less brilliant than Vaisali, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Kausambi, Pataliputra or any other famous ancient cities of Aryavarta during the early historic period. The poet further mentioned that the social workers, labourers and the dwellings of the middle class citizens were located in its extensive suburbs outside the protected area of the citadel. The excavation and exploration in its ambient areas agree exactly with the descriptions of Sandhyakar Nandi.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Punadranagar which was first discovered by Sir Alexander Cunningham who visited the place in 1879 and was not pleased to see the site. Sir Alexander Cunningham wrote</p><br>
<p>But Sir Alexander Cunningham was correct. But Sir Alexander was correct in assuming that the Chinese pilgrims description of Pundravardhana (Pan-na-fa-tan-na as he wrote in Chinese) came close to this walled city in ruins. He observed that its circumference was about eight miles. However, behind what Cunningham considered a waste of time and money&#39; lay the glorious heritage of a nation which needed to be discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Explorations and excavations</h2><br>
<p>Explorations during the British period under the direction of K.N.Dixit and during the Pakistan period under N. Ahmed have led to a renewed interest in the past of a nation that can now trace its history back to the 4th century BC. A French archaeological team has been busy with the exploration of the site since 1991 under Jean- Francois Salle.</p><br>
<p>The team has done some valuable work dividing excavation into six phases and it is now definitely understood that the site shows a continuous occupation from its lowest layers to its abandon in the 13th century; the details of the levels are still to be studied and measured accurately, and when completed, the stratigraphical sequence will provide a unique reference system for the whole of East India where no other site has ever yielded such a comparable and rich stratigraphy</p><br>
<p>The French have for the first time put things on a scientific basis having done some C14 dating. Phase 5 of their excavation work of the northern building provided two C14 dates of the 1st and 2nd century AD. This is confirmed by archaeological materials such as cast copper coins of Mauryan type still in use in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, numerous terracotta plaques of Shunga style, and a large variety of Black Polished Ware. The discovery of this N.B.P. pottery whose date is known to vary from the 4th century BC to 2nd century BC points to Pundranagar&#39;s Buddhist past during the Mauryan rule in the Sub-continent. The discovery of a limestone tablet from Mahasthan in 1931 confirms this. The tablet bears six lines of Ashokan Brahmi inscription directing the Mahamatra (governor) of Pundranagar to distribute food grain and money from government stores to the famine-stricken people of the area. The sympathy evinced in the inscription strongly suggests that this was an imperial order from Ashoka himself. Excavations in 1907 and 1961 exposed the plan of a dwelling house which is comparatively modern and is ascribes to the later 18th century or early 19th century. But a deep trench dug at a later date revealed a fragmentary building phases of an earlier date, probably 8th century AD.</p><br>
<p>Minam Lake is a high-elevation reservoir in the Eagle Cap Wilderness of the Wallowa Mountains in the USA state of Oregon. The unusual reservoir, a modified natural lake, has outlets on both its north and south ends. The south outlet drains to the Minam River, and the north outlet is the source of the Lostine River.</p><br>
<p>A natural lake at this spot had only a south outlet. In the early 20th century, the lake was enlarged and its flow altered by a 14 ft high dam near the south end of the lake. The dam&#39;s purpose was to store additional water and to deflect it north for irrigation of farms in the Lostine Valley.</p><br>
<p>It is said that minam is a word that evolved in the mid-19th century from the native word e-mi-ne-mah. The latter referred to the Minam River Valley, where a kind of plant with edible roots grew in abundance. Mah was a suffix meaning valley or canyon.</p><br>
<p>Lake Dexter, which is somewhat apostrophe shaped, is a natural freshwater lake in southeast Winter Haven, Florida. This lake has a 166 acre surface area. It is bounded on the east and northeast by residences, on the north by commercial property, on the northwest by residences and along its entire southwest and southern shore area by grassland. A partially completed and abandoned residential project is in the grassland at the very south side of Lake Dexter. Parts of the shore around the lake are lined by swampy areas.</p><br>
<p>Possibly the south and southeast shores of Lake Dexter border on publicly owned land. If this is public land, it is the only place the public could fish from the shore. At any rate the lake has only boat access from private boat ramps and docks and it has no public swimming areas. The Hook and Bullet website says Lake Dexter contains largemouth bass, bluegill and crappie.</p><br>
<h2>LEGOLAND Beach Retreat</h2><br>
<p>Announced March 15, 2016, LEGOLAND will be building a village-style, lakefront resort that will feature 83 single-story duplex units, offering 166 separate accommodations that sleep up to five. This addition will open mid 2017. The property, currently a grassy expanse on the western shore of Lake Dexter, is bordered by Register Road, which extends east from Legoland’s main entrance and splits into a north-south road running behind Winter Haven Square.</p><br>
<p>The Cerros de Mavecure or Mavicure are three hills, located in eastern Colombia. More specifically, they are located 50 km south of the city of Inírida on the Inírida River. Geologically, the mountains are part of the Guiana Shield.</p><br>
<p>The three mountains are called Pajarito (Little Bird), Mono (Monkey) and Mavicure and are 712 m, 480 m, and 170 m respectively. They can only be accessed by river.</p><br>
<p>These mountains are considered one of the main tourist sites in the Department of Guainía and are located within a Puinave indigenous reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Cerros de Mavicure are featured in the film Embrace of the Serpent. The Governor of the Guainía Department partly decorated Ciro Guerra, the director of the film, with the Order of the Inrida Flower for highlighting the land feature in the film.</p><br>
<p>Doe Run Village Historic District is a national historic district located in West Marlborough Township and East Fallowfield Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses 26 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the rural community of Doe Run Village. It includes buildings clustered in three primary locations. The first cluster includes the Doe Run Garage, old general store, and some residences. The second cluster is associated with a cotton mill, that was subsequently replaced with the town hall in 1898. The town hall subsequently contained a dairy. Located nearby are the ruins of a paper mill. The third cluster is associated with a grist mill . Also in the district is the Doe Run School and former Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Bawden Rocks, also known as Cow and Calf or Man and His Man, are a pair of small islands approximately one mile north of St Agnes Head, off the coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The larger of the two rocks stands around above the high water mark.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are popular with swimmers, divers, anglers and trawler fishermen, being home to a wide range of marine life. Sea anemones, molluscs and crustaceans of various types cling to the rock walls below the surface of the sea, together with marine animals such as the threatened broad sea fan.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are also a nesting ground for a number of seabird species, including razorbills, cormorants, guillemots, great black-backed gulls and puffins.</p><br>
<p>A local legend claims that the rocks were thrown out to sea by a child-eating giant called Bolster, after whom Bolster Day was named.</p><br>
<p>Derbydown Homestead, also known as the Abraham Marshall House and Birthplace of Humphry Marshall, is a historic home located in West Bradford Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The original house was built in 1707, as a one room, three bay, 1 1/2-story stone structure. It was later enlarged to have a gabrel roof. In 1764, it was enlarged again to 2 1/2-stories with stone and brick construction, and the roof modified to a gable roof with pent eve. Also on the property is a large barn with a gambrel roof. It was first owned by Abraham Marshall, founder of the Bradford Friends Meetinghouse, which met in the house from 1722 to 1727. Marshall was the father of botanist Humphry Marshall, who was born at the house in 1722.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The People&#39;s Unitarian Church, at 1640 N St. in Ord, Nebraska, was built in 1901. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In 2017, it was removed from the National Register.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as perhaps one of the most unusual church buildings in the state, as it has a square, brick first level, about 3 ft below grade, and a wood-shingled octagonal second level. The second level holds the church meeting hall, approximately 37 ft in diameter. As of 1983, it was one of only two octagonal churches in Nebraska (the other being the First Congregational Church at Naponee, in Franklin County, NRHP-listed in 1982, a one-story 1887-built frame structure).</p><br>
<p>It was built for cost of about $2,500, and it served as a church only from 1901 to 1911. The Ord church was formed as a Unitarian Society in 1899 by parishioners of Rev. A. H. Tyrer, who was forced to resign from the Episcopal Church for his liberal views. The church had financial difficulties, discontinued services in 1911, and disbanded in 1914. The church building was sold to the Commodore Foote Post No. 40 of the Grand Army of the Republic. It served as a club and meeting hall for that group, then from 1921 to 1961 it served in the same way for the Ord Fidelity Post No. 38 of the American Legion.</p><br>
<p>As of 1983, it was in good condition, little changed from its construction.</p><br>
<p>Up to 1983, Unitarian Society churches were known to have been formed in just five Nebraska towns and cities. The only other NRHP-listed Unitarian church in the state was the First Unitarian Church of Omaha.</p><br>
<p>The Rockwell Universalist Church near Winder, Georgia is a rural church built in 1881 in simple Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985. It was deemed architecturally significant as a "good example" of its type of post-Civil War rural churches, being a one-room wood frame church with no ornamentation and Greek Revival styling. It was also deemed significant as one of few Universalist churches ever to exist in the state of Georgia. Its NRHP nomination posits that Universalists, though the fifth largest religious denomination in the USA before the American Civil War, "did not prosper in Georgia due to their lack of organization and official discipline... were overwhelmed by the popularity of the Baptists and Methodists who comprised over 90 percent of those identifying church affiliation in 1850 in Georgia."</p><br>
<p>Helgøya is an island and former fishing village in the municipality in Karlsøy in Troms county, Norway. It is surrounded by a number of islands: Vannøya to the northeast; Karlsøya and Reinøya to the southeast; Ringvassøya to the south; and Nordkvaløya to the west.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the island was an active hub for the parish and municipality of Helgøy. It was a large fishing village and the home of the historic Helgøy Church. The church has been located on Helgøya since the 13th century, but has not been regularly used for some time. No one has permanently lived on Helgøya since 1999 when the post office was closed and regular ferry service was ended. The island can only be reached when services are celebrated in the church and ferry rides are organized. The island of Helgøya is now a more or less abandoned village of picturesque wooden houses with a historic church that is used on special occasions. The houses are sometimes still used, but only as vacation homes.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The island is named Helgøya (Old Norse: Helgøy) since it is the location of the main church for the parish, Helgøy Church. The name means den hellige øy or "the holy island" since the first element helgi means "sanctuary" or "holy" and the second part øy is identical for the word "island".</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Terminal Property buildings are an historic structure on Pittsburgh’s South Side, across the river from Downtown. The main set of building were the Pittsburgh Terminal Warehouse and Transfer Company, located in the South Side Flats neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. This warehouse complex that was designed by Charles Bickel and built from 1904 to 1906. The structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The facility was conceived as a central point of connection between road, river, and rail transport. The River and Railroad Terminal Company was incorporated February 8, 1898 to begin the project. Major changes needed to be made to the planned area for the buildings, requiring new city ordinances. Ordinances to change the streets and clear area for building were approved in November 6, 1903. An additional ordinance was required to create the bridge over Cabot Way that holds the road (Terminal Way) which runs between the two major buildings.</p><br>
<p>Contractual agreements were created with the railroads servicing the area in early 1904. They show the intended use and how interconnection with the railroad lines would work and which parties were responsible for the various costs. Construction of the buildings began on July 1, 1904, and was finally completed on May 31, 1906. The total cost of construction was approximately $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The building was a prominent piece of early 1900s Pittsburgh architecture. It was the subject of different art works and was featured on post cards. One of the new tenants of the building, City Center Self Storage, has a collection of these historical postcards on display in their office.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the 6th floor of the building was used to store ammunition and ordinance for the United States Department of War.</p><br>
<p>The facility was in active use for warehouse and transportation until the mid-1960s. Marketing brochures from that time promote 868,000 square feet of office and warehouse space available and the availability of a teletype center.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the building was renamed River Walk Corporate Centre. Paper Products Company is the largest current tenant of the building occupying lower floors of the West Building. Upper floors of the West Building have largely been converted into modern office space. Tenants include the Green Building Alliance, ProFromGo Internet Marketing, Venture Outdoors, and G & Co Design. Paper Products Company is also a tenant of the lower floors of the East Building. Other East Building tenants include City Center Self Storage, Harry Giglio Photography, and Alpha Screen Graphics.</p><br>
<p>On February 5, 2013, Pennsylvania&#39;s Historic Preservation Board unanimously approved Pittsburgh Terminal Properties application for historic status in a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Ropewalk Pumping Station was built on the Ropewalk in Nottingham in 1850. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built by the Nottingham Waterworks Company in 1850 along with a reservoir on Park Row in Nottingham. It drew water from two 240ft deep wells using a 60 hp Cornish Beam engine to pump from two 240 ft deep wells</p><br>
<p>The Ropewalk pumping station had to be disused around 1880 because it was found that the water which it was supplying was contaminated by Nottingham General Cemetery. It supplied 960,000 imperial gallons (4,400 m3) of water per day. Analysis in 1873 showed that it contained 31.5 grains (2.04 g) of solid effluent per gallon.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a garage from 1930.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Hayes House is a historic home located in Newlin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania near the West Branch of Brandywine Creek. The house was built in 1841, and is a two-story, stuccoed stone dwelling in a Federal / Greek Revival style. It features a full width front porch with ornate iron supports and scrollwork.</p><br>
<p>The great-uncle of Jacob Hayes first moved to Newlin Township in 1771, and his grandfather, Mordecai Hayes arrived in 1774.</p><br>
<p>The house is next door to the Hayes Homestead, built by his great-uncle. Nearby is the Hayes Mill House, which both Mordecai and Jacob used to mill whetstones.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Hayes House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Both the homestead and the mill house are also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Breitenbush Lake is a 65 acre water body on a high plateau north of Mount Jefferson in the Cascade Range in the USA state of Oregon. The lake, fed by seepage and small creeks, is part of the North Fork Breitenbush River watershed.</p><br>
<p>Forest Road 4220 runs by the lake. Breitenbush Lake Campground, maintained by the United States Forest Service, has 20 sites and a vault toilet but no garbage service. Canoes are allowed on the lake but not motorboats. The lake, which supports rainbow and brook trout generally ranging in length from 6 to 12 in, is stocked periodically.</p><br>
<p>Forest Road 4220 has been described as rough at best, When the road is snow-covered, visitors can still use it to reach the lake on snowshoes, cross-country skis, or snowmobiles.</p><br>
<p>Merestone, also known as the John S. Reese, IV, House, is a historic estate located in New Garden Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware, spanning the border of the two states. The estate consists of the Merestone House, guest house / garage, milk house, and stone shed.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated and added to by noted architect R. Brognard Okie in the Colonial Revival style. The original log section of Merestone House dates to between about 1720 and 1734. It is a two-story, three bay, structure measuring 20 feet by 24 feet. A two-story, two bay, frame addition was built between 1725 and 1750 and measures 19 feet by 18 feet. A two-story, one bay, wing was added between about 1802 and 1806. The house was renovated in the Colonial Revival style in 1941-1942. At the same time, Okie built the 1 1/2-story, three bay, frame guest house / garage on the stone foundations of a barn dated to 1806.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Temple Manor is a scheduled ancient monument  and grade I listed building  in Strood, Kent. The Manor has been owned by various religious, national and farming owners over 600 years. The building has been added to and adapted over the centuries, but the basic structure is now clearly visible.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by English Heritage and is open to the public on weekends in season.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Some form of occupation of the site has occurred since Roman times, a burial to the south-east of the present building is thought to date from then.</p><br>
<p>The larger part of the parish of Strood was the rural area stretching south from the urbanised bridgehead along the River Medway. This area formed the Manor of Strood and lay within the Hundred of Shamel. Following The Anarchy of 1135 to 1153 the Crown was in debt to the Knights Templar and probably this was why the manor was given to them in 1159 by Henry II. The stone building visible today was originally built around 1240. It is not known precisely why Strood was rebuilt, perhaps to provide suitable lodging for dignitaries travelling along Watling Street between London and the continent via Dover.</p><br>
<p>When the Knights Templar were suppressed in 1312 all their assets passed to the Knights Hospitaller, including Temple Manor. Around this time the building was extended to the north with a ground-floor hall roughly 14 ft wide. Many of the scattered farm buildings were cleared between 1308–1344 and evidence from archaeology indicates relatively little disturbance during the suppression of the Templars. It is thought therefore that the manor had already become simply a farm to generate rent money for its owner. It is possible that the tenants were the Creyes, known to be the wealthiest family in Strood but who held not feudal lands. An inventory of Templar estates in 1313 lists a hall, a chamber, a chapel and a barn as being at Strood. Some years after the suppression of the Templars, the Grand Prior of the Hospitallers complained that the king was still occupying ex-Templar lands at Denny, Cambridgeshire and Strood. The complaint was to no avail and in 1324 the lands were ceded to the King. In 1342 Edward III granted it to Mary of St Pol, Countess of Pembroke who in turn granted it to her nunnery at Denny Cambridgeshire. Given the lack of transport at the time, it could not have been used to supply the nunnery with goods, and so must have simply been a source of revenue.</p><br>
<p>The following century a new wing was added to the north of the building at its western end, where the entrances are. This wing was 16 ft (E-W) by 27 ft (N-S) with a parlour below and chambers above. The ground-floor hall was reduced in status to a kitchen and further additions (in timber) were made to the north.</p><br>
<p>At the dissolution of the monasteries the Abbey of Denny was dissolved and both it and Temple Manor granted to Edward Elrington in 1539. He sold Temple Manor to the local Cobham family. Following a conviction for conspiracy against James VI and I 1603 Lord Cobham&#39;s property was seized by Robert Cecil. Using a London lawyer called Hyde, Cecil sold it on to Ludovic Stewart the future Duke of Richmond. Richmond in his turn sold it to Isaac Blake. The Blake family were possibly the richest family in Strood at the time. The Blakes may have been sitting tenants for some years, Isaac was a Churchwarden and a dealer in iron-ware and possibly scrap. The Blakes were responsible for the brick extensions and continued to hold it until the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>A succession of owners followed and as the fortunes of the estate declined parts were sold off until the residue was sold to the City of Rochester in the 1930s. Locally there was a debate over its future, the council planned to use the surrounding site for industrial development. Having no obvious use for the house, a committee was formed to preserve it. The Second World War interrupted plans, and by in 1947 the site was recognised and scheduled. However neglect and vandalism had taken their toll; the barn had fallen down and the roof collapsed. In 1950 the building was listed as grade I and any plans for its demolition were thwarted. During the early 1950s the Ministry of Works oversaw work to preserve and restore the building as it can be seen today.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main section of the building has a stone-built vaulted undercroft which supports the single large room above. This style of building is known as a first-floor hall. The upper room (reached by an external stair) was the higher status area, providing accommodation for travelling knights and officials. This original section is 50 ft by 22 ft, and the undercroft walls are 2 ft thick. Construction is of flint and ragstone rubble with ashlar dressings.</p><br>
<p>The doorway to the upper chamber is ornate with Purbeck marble shafts to either side and mouldings above. Originally the walls would have been plastered smooth and painted like stone. Scattered floor tiles have been found and it is probable that the upper floor was tiled prior to the departure of the Templars. At the western end there appears to have been a form of serving hatch from a now lost and unrecorded western extension. A later oven or still is of unknown purpose.</p><br>
<p>The undercroft has three bays of quadrapartite ribbed vaults. The ribs are of simple decoration with excellent dressed infill. Originally the windows were fitted with iron bars, possibly for security to what was originally, and remained, a cellar.</p><br>
<p>The western extension is of three floors entered by a separate ground floor door. The stair is housed in a turret and gives access to three floors with a single room on each floor. There is no communication between the extension and the original structure. The brickwork is in English bond with moulded string courses.</p><br>
<p>The eastern extension had a small store below supporting a wooden framed gazebo above. The gazebo forms an extension to the original hall and when built would have commanded extensive views over the River Medway. The original situation is best appreciated from the 1767 engraving in Hasted (above). Mature trees and a railway embankment block any such view today.</p><br>
<p>The roof was replaced in the 1950s restoration after much of the original collapsed from the neglect the building suffered during the war.</p><br>
<p>The Otto Brinkmann House in Comfort, Texas, United States, was built in 1861 by Otto Brinkman. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story two-room house of fachwerk construction. It is a German method of timber framing with diagonal bracing members at corners and openings. It includes 6 in by 6 in cypress corner posts and top plates, with other timbers of 4 in by 4 in size. Timbers are joined by mortise and tenon joints. Timbers on its front facade are exposed. The house was modified in 1899 by addition of a framed lean-to along its rear facade.</p><br>
<p>It was built, and lived in, by German immigrant carpenter Otto Brinkman, who was born in Hoexter, Westphalia in 1932. He completed an apprenticeship to a cabinet-maker in Germany before coming to the USA in 1852.</p><br>
<p>The Travellers&#39; Rest Inn is a historic inn on the main street of Greenfield, Ohio, United States. Built in the early 19th century, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its significance in local history.</p><br>
<p>When constructed in 1812, the Travellers Rest Inn was Greenfields first stone building. In its earliest years, the inn served travellers at long wooden tables in a large common room. Some arrived by stagecoach; others by boats on Paint Creek, a tributary of the Scioto River. One year after being established, the communitys first post office also set up at the inn, under the supervision of Noble Crawford, who had overseen the inns construction.</p><br>
<p>After Greenfields first physician Garvin Johnson married Crawfords daughter, Johnson moved into the old inn, where he set up his doctor&#39;s office in part of it. The inn closed in 1829. The building was then used as a combined house and office by another Greenfield physician.</p><br>
<p>Two stories tall, the inn is covered with a shingled gabled roof; it is one bay wide on the sides and three wide on the front.</p><br>
<p>The Society operates the former inn as its headquarters and as one of several house museums. In 1979, the inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. The Samuel Smith House and Tannery is also on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Karioi or Mount Karioi is a 2.4 million year old extinct volcano 8 km SW of Raglan in the Waikato region of New Zealand&#39;s North Island. It was the earliest of the line of 6 calcalkalic volcanoes, the largest of which is Mount Pirongia . Karioi forms a background to many parts of Raglan.</p><br>
<p>Karioi was also a Highway Board area around the maunga from 1870 to 1889, when it was absorbed (with Whaingaroa Board area and formed into Karioi Riding) into Raglan County Council. In 1876 it had a population of 112 in 27 houses and in 1889 119 ratepayers, 80 of them absentees.</p><br>
<p>Karioi is also a location on the Central Plateau (see articles on Mangamahu, North Island Main Trunk, Raetihi, Waiouru).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Many iwi whakapapa back to Karioi, which features in several Māori legends. One says that, a long time ago, Karewa was the husband of Karioi, but he flirted with her sister, Pirongia, and was cast into the sea as the offshore rock named by Captain James Cook as Gannet Island. The profile of Karioi from Raglan is likened to a Sleeping Lady (Wahine Moe).</p><br>
<p>Raglan County Hills and Sea 1876-1976 (page 17) describes the start of European history -</p><br>
<p>“The sails of Abel Tasmans two ships were seen not long before noon on 28 December 1642...Tasmans own account of the incident... "on the 28th in the morning, at daybreak, set sail again, shaped our course east in order to ascertain whether the aforementioned land which we had seen in 40 degrees, extends still further northward or whether it falls away to eastward. At noon saw a high mountain east by north of us." This was Karioi. "First took it to be an island,"... but afterwards saw that it was an extended coast. We were about 4 miles from shore"</p><br>
<p>... The date was 11 January 1770. Cook... wrote in his journal, "found ourselves between 2 and 3 leagues from the land which was of moderate height and cloathed with wood and verdure. At 7 o&#39;clock steered south-by-east and afterwards saw the land lying in that direction." He did not see the harbour of Whaingaroa but could not miss Karioi Mountain. "At 9 was abreast of a point of land which rises sloaping from the sea to a considerable height. It lies in the latitude 37 degrees 43 minutes south. I named it Woody Head. South-west-a-half-west 11 miles from the head is a very small island which we named Gannet Island on account of the great number of these birds we saw upon it. At noon a high craggy point bore east-north east one and a half leagues: this point I have named Albatross Point.“</p><br>
<p>- page 61 -</p><br>
<p>“Representative Government... did not become effective until early in 1854. One of its first tasks was to find land for the steadily growing number of prospective settlers reaching these shores... The astute Donald McLean, whom Governor Grey had appointed Chief Land Purchase Commissioner in 1853, began negotiations with the west coast tribes almost immediately. In the 8 months from January to August, 1854, he arranged the purchase of more than 40,000 acres of native land in the present County area... On 11 April McLean paid 50 golden sovereigns as a deposit on... the Wharauroa Block... On the day following the first payment on Wharauroa, McLean handed over a similar sum in gold to "the chiefs and people of Whaingaroa" as a deposit on the Karioi Block. This area of about 12,000 acres embraced the whole of Karioi Mountain. It extended down the coast from the mouth of the Wainui Stream (just inside South Head) to the Ruapuke Stream. Here the boundary ran NE in a straight line toward Te Mata where it met the Opotoru Stream and followed it northward for about 3 miles. Thence it ran west and north to the starting point near the mouth of the harbour. A reserve of 600 acres was set apart for the former Maori owners. 18 months later, on 5 November 1855 (the day on which the last of the £575 purchase money was paid over) 65 of them, including about a dozen boys, signed the deed or affixed their marks in the presence of John Rogan and James Wallis. "These lands," read the document in part, "we have now entirely given up to Victoria the Queen of England in the broad light of this day and for ever; with its creeks, its rivers, its streams, its timber and stones."</p><br>
<p>“The price paid for the Karioi Block (which amounted to 11½d an acre) was in keeping with the Governments view of native land values in the middle 50s, particularly in this instance, when the extent of mountainous terrain was taken into account. From the heavily forested summit of Karioi Mountain, steep-sided ridges and ravines descended on both seaward and landward sides. When Rogan took over land negotiations in the Whaingaroa and Aotea districts in 1855, McLean told him: "You cannot do wrong in acquiring land at prices varying from 6d to 1/6 per acre in a part of the country that promises to become such a valuable appendage to the Crown territory."</p><br>
<p>page 127 -</p><br>
<p>“The first block in the county, opened in 1878, for settlement under the scheme, was in the Karioi district. It was soon taken up, and the council, quick to see the advantages of bringing in more people, urged the Waste Lands Board to make other blocks available... The Waste Lands Board was also asked to provide the means to make roads to the Homestead selections and, by 1883, this work was under way. The system did much to open up the district”.</p><br>
<p>- page 177 -</p><br>
<p>“after the war, the two Jackson brothers... bulldozed out a road. With Mr J. Forbes of Whale Bay, as overseer, and two Maori men and a staunch Maori woman as labourers, they contracted to do work on the road for the county council. By mid-1953 the road was almost completed, though metalling was not done for 2 years.”</p><br>
<p>Although the on-line history of the summit trig mark only dates back to 1995, it was first surveyed by Laurence Cussen, probably not long after 1876.</p><br>
<p>Many timber mills were set up around Karioi e.g. page 230 “The Raglan Sawmilling Co, a public concern, was formed in 1919 to mill timber on Mt Karioi, said to contain on its eastern slopes some of the finest stands of rimu in the country... In 1928, a fire swept through Te Hutewai, the flames destroying vegetation — and a sawmill — along the entire strip of land between Ruapuke and Raglan. The aftermath of charred stumps and blackened earth may well have symbolised the death of the timber industry in Raglan. The last mills — at Karioi... closed in the late 1930s”.</p><br>
<p>The route of Whaanga Rd, around the coast side of Karioi, was first considered for a road in 1886. It was bulldozed through in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Karioi has been administered by the Department of Conservation (DOC) as part of Pirongia Forest Park since it took over from the Forest Service in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Karioi is an extinct late Pliocene, low angle cone or shield volcano of the Alexandra Volcanic Group. It is the oldest and westernmost of the Alexandra lineament of volcanoes. Two million years ago Karioi was probably an ash cone, maybe double and at least 100m higher than the present 756m.</p><br>
<p>It consists largely of basalt with andesite dikes, which mainly form the ridges. They pushed their way through the older limestones, mudstones, etc. about 2.4 million years ago. The main chemicals are silica (47-60%) and alumina (12-20%)</p><br>
<h2>Te Toto Gorge</h2><br>
<p>15 lava flows make up the 150m cliffs of the Gorge showing many large augite crystals (phenocrysts) up to 15 mm. Columnar basalt rests on lapilli tuffs. Mainly on the north side of the gorge are remnants of Māori stone gardens. There is a steep unmarked track into the Gorge off the road to Raglan a few metres from the car park. A route also exists around the foot of the cliff south from the Gorge, though it is not publicised due to a rock fall risk.</p><br>
<p>The threatened plants Hebe speciosa and Cook’s scurvy grass have been reintroduced to Te Toto Gorge.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Captain Cook named Karioi as Woody Head. The mountain is unique in being the most northerly on the west coast with a native rainforest sequence from sea level to montane flora. It is sustained by annual rainfall of over 1.5m.</p><br>
<p>Whaingaroa’s native vegetation used to consist of podocarp rainforest dominated by totara, matai, rimu, kahikatea, rata, black maire and tree ferns. In most of Whaingaroa it was largely cleared by felling and burning in the early 20th century, but remains on Karioi. Since the 1960s possums have killed many of the larger trees which had survived logging until the 1970s, their stark trunks remaining above the secondary growth.</p><br>
<p>Altitude and wind are the main influences on Karioi’s plants. Along the main track the forest changes from kohekohe near Te Toto Gorge to tawa forest, to kamahi and tāwheowheo towards the top, with a sequence of māhoe and rewarewa between the kohekohe and kamahi on the Ruapuke Rd side. Other species of note include miro, toro, horopito and neinei.</p><br>
<p>Despite damage, distinct plant communities (tree fern, ridge, lowland, valley floor, boulder slope, coastal and montane exposed and sheltered) remain. The Botanical Society identified 127 indigenous species from forest above 300 m and 264 below that level, including chain fern, spring clubmoss (puakarimu), star fern, hen & chickens fern, hanging spleenwort, crown fern, thread fern, miniature tree fern (Blechnum fraseri), silver fern, mamaku, soft tree fern, golden tree fern, rough tree fern, strap fern, water fern, filmy fern, mangemange, ring fern, fragrant fern, shield fern, bracken, titipo, climbing shield fern, kidney fern, titoki, karapapa, makomako, rangiora, bindweed, putaputawētā, clematis, twiggy coprosma, karaka, prickly mingimingi, grass tree, hīnau, parataniwha, hangehange, kapuka, puka vine, hebe, pigeonwood, poroporo, kowhai, aka, perching lily, Easter orchid, blueberry, tree daisy, jasmine vine, kiekie, lemonwood, rice grasses, pepper tree, supplejack, gloxinia and hook grass.</p><br>
<p>In autumn parts of Karioi are rich in fungi, including blue mushroom, red wax gill, Jews ear and many bracket fungi.</p><br>
<p>Altitude affects many of Karioi’s plants. Between 550-650m, the regular mist line, many species have either their upper or lower limit. The change occurs within 20 to 30m and higher on ridges than in valleys. Mosses increase where growth is affected by cloud, leaf temperature, and transpiration. Nutrient uptake is hampered and the trees are stunted and gnarled. Kamahi is typical; its monopodial (single trunk) form changes to sympodial (low, gnarled with root-stocks supporting up to a dozen trunks) at higher altitudes. Cold air drainage on valley floors creates some of the conditions occurring in montane areas e.g., high relative humidity, low evaporative demand, and less sun.</p><br>
<p>Wind, in the form of prevailing salt-laden sou’westers off the sea, significantly affects what grows where. Species uncommon near the coast include tawa, northern rata, and rimu. Kiekie thrives in dense tangles in exposed positions and puriri and nikau palm are more common on the sea side. Tawa and rewarewa are more common on ridges. Although rata vines utilise a wide variety of hosts, pukatea is the most common. Pukatea grow mainly in valley floors, as do rata.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>Since 2000 ground cover on Karioi has improved and tui, bellbird and pigeon are more prolific. The regeneration of bush on Māori land around Karioi may account, in part, for the increase in birdlife. Shining cuckoos, grey warblers, tomtits and fantails can also often be heard and pest trapping near the cliffs aims to protect grey faced petrel burrows.</p><br>
<h2>Bats (pekapeka-tou-poto)</h2><br>
<p>The high pitched squeaks of long tailed bats have been detected around Karioi.</p><br>
<h2>Lizards (moko)</h2><br>
<p>3 species of native geckos have been seen on Karioi. Auckland green geckos (see also nautilus) were common on Karioi before possums arrived. Although brightly coloured and active during the day, they are very well camouflaged and hard to spot in the manuka and kanuka where they mainly live. forest geckos and Pacific geckos are usually on the ground and active at night.</p><br>
<h2>Pest control</h2><br>
<p>Even by the 1950s damage was obvious enough for a tourist guidebook to say, "Wild goats are doing considerable damage to the native flora." Since a low point in the 1970s, DoC has done a lot to restore Karioi by periodically reducing numbers of introduced animals through eradication programmes. The aim is to assist native flora and fauna populations. Many tree species were threatened by a high goat population, such that saplings could only survive by growing on other trees as epiphytes above goat browsing level. Many New Zealand trees are well suited to this form of regeneration, as they drop aerial roots to the ground. Radio tagged Judas goats have failed to locate any others.</p><br>
<p>However, just as the trees threatened by goats were saved, other species came under threat from possums. Northern rata, tree daisy, kohekohe and kamahi trees are favourite foods of possums and many were killed by browsing. Most areas of bush have possum bait stations (linked by pink-waymarked tracks). They didn&#39;t achieve residual trap catch rates (RTC) below 5%, so most of Karioi now has aerial drops of 1080 poison at about 5 yearly intervals. The 2010 drop achieved a 1.06% RTC. By 2016 the level had risen to 10%, prompting another 1080 application in 2017. The interval was determined by monitoring of 96 kohekohe, 43 kamahi and 8 Hall’s totara, which had been tagged and were assessed annually for change in foliage cover, possum browse and trunk use.</p><br>
<p>The Karioi Biodiversity Restoration project is a community led project, run in partnership with A Rocha Aotearoa NZ, Te Whakaoranga O Karioi (translated as restoring Karioi to a healthy sustainable environment), DoC, local hapu and the Whaingaroa community. Trapping started in 2009 in the Upper Bryant Reserve and up to 60 volunteers maintain around 150 rat, possum and stoat traps in 28 hectares of bush. In the first 3 years 592 rats, 183 mice, 6 stoats, 26 possums and 13 hedgehogs were caught. Another 50 stoat traps have been placed along the 5 km Te Toto Gorge to Ruapuke ridge track. and have caught 54 stoats and 73 rats.</p><br>
<h2>Walks</h2><br>
<p>Beyond Whale Bay the road is unsealed and, after crossing Te Toto Gorge, there is a car park (bikes are better sheltered in the bush above the car park). A short walk down from the car park is a view of the 150m high cliffs (see Geology above).</p><br>
<p>Climbing up from the car park is a DOC track to the 756m top of Karioi. The signposted times of 2 hours to the 706m Lookout and 3 hours to the summit allow fit walkers time for admiring the views, but on a good day it is well worth taking at least that time. The track is clearly marked and clear on the ground, but gets progressively harder, including a ladder and 2 chains. About half way up, just before the first chain and ladder, is a good view point. Other steps and chains would be useful, especially after wet weather, but there are plenty of tree roots to grasp hold of on the other shorter near vertical sections. In most weather ordinary stout shoes suffice with some care around the few boggy sections on the summit ridge.</p><br>
<p>From the lookout there is a good view of Raglan, the Harbour and the coast north to the Waitakeres west of Auckland. If going on to the summit, there are similar, if not slightly better, views without the detour to the Lookout. The final few metres to the Summit involve an awkward drop back into the trees, a difficult traverse clambering over tree roots and a ladder to climb back up. The Summit is topped with a small radio relay station powered by solar panels, a helicopter pad and a wind generator. From the summit Ruapuke Beach can be seen, as well as Aotea and Kāwhia Harbours and Albatross Point beyond. 20 km out to sea it is possible to see 13m high Karewa (Gannet Island) and east to Mount Pirongia, north east to Hamilton and Coromandel and north to Whaingaroa Harbour with Lake Waikare and the Bombay Hills beyond. On clear days Mount Taranaki is visible, about 160 km (100 miles) to the SSW. Raglan West and the Harbour entrance are hidden by the spur and better seen from the west end of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The alternative easier route to Karioi is from Ruapuke Rd. It has little exposure to heights and no chains. The car park is indicated by a signpost from Ruapuke Rd. The track uses a farm road for the first kilometre until the track is signposted up the hill alongside a fence on the right and a stile leads into the bush. The track is then clear on the ground and marked. Possum bait station tracks are marked with pink plastic waymarks. If you find you are following these on a less distinct track go back to look for the orange waymarks.</p><br>
<p>There is also a poorly marked track into Te Toto Gorge (see above).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Raglan and Kawhia Districts 1915 guide said, “The summit of this mountain (which rises to a height of 2420 feet above sea level) may be reached by a beautiful drive from Raglan through unrivalled scenery. On a clear day a magnificent view may be obtained”. A 1911 Gilmour Brothers postcard showed a picnic party at Te Toto Gorge. In 2007 DoC replaced its 1981 viewing platform at Te Toto Gorge with one giving better views; only slowly does tourism develop.</p><br>
<p>The Reed Loch was also known as Loch Green. As a curling pond it was probably known as the Fullarton House Pond, located as it was on the edge of the Fullarton House and Crosbie Castle estate curtilage, It was originally a shallow and overgrown freshwater loch, hence the name Reed Loch and its marshy appearance on Johnson&#39;s 1828 map. It was cleaned out and used as a curling pond in the latter part of the 19th century before falling out of use and being drained in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch was a natural feature, probably a post-glacial Kettle Hole once of greater extent, fed mainly by the Darley Burn, rainfall, and field drainage. Its existence is recorded in the placename of Lochgreen House. The Darley Burn was diverted away from the site which however remained dominated by reeds willows and at best constituted poor quality grazing. The loch site is fully drained today (datum 2012) however it still floods in winter. The old Crosbie church and cemetery lie to the south of the old loch site.</p><br>
<p>The Isle of Pins Road is named for the unusual pillar that stands near the old entrance drive to Fullarton House and the name derives from the time when the pillar stood as a folly or feature on what was an island prior to the draining of the loch circa 1800. In 1876 the Reed Loch is recorded as being the favourite curling loch in the district. The drainage of the loch is this area is a covered burn that runs in front of Lochgreen and gravel beds prominent in the nearby field show the one time extent of standing water in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>Fullarton House had an ice house that was constructed from the ruins of Crosbie Castle and this would require to be filled with ice from a site such as the Reed Loch. No watermills seem to have been associated with Reed Loch. It was latterly dug out and used for curling; a possible curling house is shown just to the south of the loch margin. Various curling matches are recorded, with Monkton v. Troon playing a friendly game on Reed Loch in 1861. Fullarton House Pond played host to a match between Troon Portland v Ayr Albert in 1862.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>The 1857 OS map shows the Reed Loch in amongst what is probably willow dominated woodland. The Darley Burn may have fed the loch until it was covered over and diverted. The 1896 Os map shows a very different water body, a large curling pond now covering 2.37 acres and with open water and no woodland. The small building indicated may be a Curling house. By 1958 the OS map shows the curling pond to be overgrown and no longer marked as a curling pond. By the late 1970s the wetland area is shown for some unknown reason as Monktonhill Ground. The 20 metre contour delineates the limit of the old loch to the north and east.</p><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>The loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners were following his example. Old maps show that the Darley Burn once ran through the Fullarton estate as an open water course.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>Lochgreen Junction was once located on the nearby railway line.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Smith House and Tannery is a historic residence in the village of Greenfield, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1820s, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Greenfield was founded by American Revolution veteran William Robinson Smith, a native of Pennsylvania, in 1812. Smith and his son Robert founded a tannery on the settlements eastern edge, along Paint Creek, and built a vernacular building to house the business. After several years of operation, the tannery was taken over by Williams oldest son Samuel M., who arranged for the destruction of the original building and the construction of the present house in its stead. As the years passed, Samuel Smith became a prominent physician.</p><br>
<p>Built by Samuel Smiths cousin William Robinson, the Federal-style house-and-tannery was erected in 1821 and 1822. Constructed in the shape of an "L", the two-story house has walls that mix rubble masonry and ashlar, although the exterior is clad with stucco. The building rests on a stone foundation and is covered by an asphalt roof. Five bays wide with a door in the middle bay, it is one of Greenfields oldest extant buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Smith House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of a leading community resident, Samuel M. Smith. It is one of two Greenfield buildings on the National Register, along with the Travellers&#39; Rest Inn across the street.</p><br>
<p>Shatrunjaya  originally Pundarikgiri), also spelt Shetrunjaya are hills located by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India. They are situated on the banks of the Shetrunji River at an elevation 164 ft above sea level. These hills have similarities to other hills where Jain temples have been built in Bihar, Gwalior, Mount Abu and Girnar.</p><br>
<p>The Jain&#39;s sacred site of Shatrunjaya contains hundreds of Palitana temples. The hills were sanctified when Rishabha, the first tirthankara of Jainism, gave his first sermon in the temple on the hill top. The ancient history of the hills is also traced to Pundarika Swami, a chief Ganadhara and grandson of Rishabha, who attained salvation here. His shrine located opposite to the main Adinath temple, built by his son Bharata, is also worshiped by pilgrims.</p><br>
<p>There are several alternate spellings, including Śatruñjaya, Satrunjaya, Shetrunja, and Shetrunjo. Shatrunjaya was also known as Pundarikgiri as Pundarik was said to have attained nirvana on this mountain. Alternate names include Siddhakshetra or Siddhanchal as many thirtankaras are stated to have received enlightenment here.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Jains refer to their temples as derasaras. Shatrunjaya, the name for Mount Shatrunjaya where it is located, means a "place of victory" or "which conquers enemies".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Gulf of Khambhat is to the south of the Shatrunjaya Hills, Bhavnagar town is to its north, and a river flows between the two hills. Legend states that the hill is a part of the Himalayas. Palitana town is at the base of the foothills, 56 km from Bhavanagar. The topography is rugged while the landscape is drought-affected.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The hills are an ancient thirtha (religious pilgrimage site). The Palitana temples, a pilgrimage complex on both hills and their saddle, are reached by climbing approximately 3750 stone steps, which are carved into the mountain. The climb is 3.5 km from the base and takes approximately two hours. The hills are closed to pilgrims for four months during the monsoon season. The pilgrimage is known as "Shri Shantrunjay Teerth Yatra". It occurs from the Poornima day (Full Moon Day) of Kartik month according to the Hindu calendar (October–November as per the Gregorian calendar). Jains assemble at the foot of the hills to undertake the yatra (religious journey). During this yatra, considered a great event in the lifetime of a Jain, pilgrims circumambulate the Shatrunjaya hills covering a distance of 216 km on foot, offering prayers.</p><br>
<p>The Dey Road Bridge is a historic truss bridge that spans the Tiffin River near the city of Defiance, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1900s, it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, an early toll bridge across the Tiffin was built at the nearby community of Brunersburg, but it was soon destroyed by a flood. The current bridge is a Pratt through truss bridge that was manufactured by the Massillon Bridge Company and built in 1906. Built on concrete supports, it is constructed primarily of iron. In 1907, it became a local landmark for surveying purposes when a USGS surveyor placed a benchmark on its northwestern abutment.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant engineering. By that time, the bridge was vacant and not in use. Now known as the "Old Dey Bridge", the bridge is closed to road traffic, although pedestrians are still permitted to use it. The bridge is one of several locations included as points of interest on a proposed Defiance city strategic plan.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Railroad Freight Depot is a historic train station in downtown Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Constructed in the early twentieth century, it has endured closure and a series of modifications to survive to the present day, and it has been declared a historic site. Used only occasionally for many years, it is one of the most important buildings in a large historic district on the city&#39;s west side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1890s, the Monon Railroad was serving Bloomington and operating maintenance shops on the citys southern side. In 1902, desiring service from a second railroad, Bloomington and Perry Townships offered a large cash bonus to whichever company would add a second rail line in the city. Four years later, Illinois Central Railroad took up the offer, and upon finishing its route into the city, it decided to erect a station dedicated to freight traffic. Designed by the railroads staff architects, it is a simple building without unneeded elements; its architecture was determined by the features that the railroad needed to operate a train station. From its earliest years, the depot played an important part in the development of Bloomington&#39;s heavy industries: many limestone mills and the large Showers Brothers furniture factory were located in its immediate vicinity.</p><br>
<p>At the time of construction, the depot was a simple rectangle, 163 ft long and 35 ft wide. It was greatly expanded in 1922 by the addition of a second story to much of the building. The northernmost portion of the building was removed in 1959, because falling freight traffic no longer required such a large building. After closing in 1963, the depot became a bar and grill restaurant; the restaurant later closed, leaving the building vacant, although another restaurant, Macri&#39;s at the Depot, opened inside by 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The depot is a rectangular wooden building that rests on a foundation of concrete. Because the building&#39;s primary purpose was the transfer of goods between wagons and railroad cars, the ground floor is elevated above the street by about 3 ft. When the depot was constructed, it measured 35 ft from east to west, and 163 ft from north to south, although the 1959 modification reduced the building to only 109 ft long. Its exterior displays simple clapboarding, and the building is covered with a shallow-pitched gable roof of asphalt shingles. On both the street side and the rail side of the building (east and west respectively), the roof extends approximately 7.5 ft past the edge of the building, in order to shelter the loading and unloading zones. This portion of the roof is one of the more distinctive sections of the depot from an architectural point of view: the rafters and braces were left uncovered at the overhangs. Large doors provide access to the large freight-handling rooms of the interior, which are lit by a combination of windows and skylights. The southern end of the station includes office space and a waiting room for businessmen. The roofline was altered by the expansion: a hip roof was created over the new second story, but the original first-story overhang for the loading zones was preserved.</p><br>
<p>As a freight depot rather than a passenger station, the depot was built exclusively with efficiency in mind. No unnecessary decorations can be found on the structure, and it was built according to a generic design by the railroad&#39;s staff architects rather than being a unique production by local craftsmen or architects. Consequently, the station lacks a distinctive architectural style. Aside from the expansion in 1922 and the reduction in 1959, no substantial modifications have been made to the original design.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, the Illinois Central Depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history. Its significance depended on the role it played for the city&#39;s furniture and limestone industries.</p><br>
<p>Much of Bloomingtons near west side was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register in 1997. Known as the Bloomington West Side Historic District, including the Illinois Central Depot. The depot was deemed one of the leading components of the district, due largely to its place as the sole railroad-related building within the district: the Illinois Central built multiple train stations, engine houses, and turntables near the districts eastern edge, but only the freight depot remained by 1987.</p><br>
<p>Perry&#39;s Camp, now known as Flat Branch Cottages, was founded c. 1928 when Charlie Perry developed the site where Flat Branch joins the Little Pigeon River as a tourist resort.</p><br>
<p>The site has been owned and operated by the Mack Marshall family since 1952. Three of the remaining four cabins are still rented to tourists April through October.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Perry’s Camp was originally located on both sides of the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River about halfway between Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge where Flat Branch joins the river. The structures closest to the river were demolished when US-441 was widened in the late 1950s. The remaining structures of Perry’s Camp are now all located on the west side of the river near the base of Flat Branch road where it joins southbound US-441 adjacent to the middle bridge which spans the northbound and southbound lanes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In c. 1928, Charlie Perry began developing Perry’s Camp as a tourist resort, continuing to expand the site over the next twenty years. Perry was very innovative and visionary, and included many interesting artifacts in his development. A dam across the river diverted water through a powerhouse which generated electricity for the resort. A swinging bridge provided the only access to cabins on the east side of the river. A disabled moonshine still hung outside the restaurant for advertisement. A water wheel turned a fan in the dining room. A hollowed-out log covered with glass and filled with water and fish served as a bar in the restaurant. A garage dug into the side of a hill housed Perry’s car. Many rock walls were constructed, including a two-level terraced rock wall and rock walls for containing a section of Flat Branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Charlie Perry and his common-law wife Josie Law were brutally murdered and robbed in the restaurant of Perry’s Camp as documented in the book “The Perry’s Camp Murders” by R.S. Allen with Steve O. Watson, published in August, 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, following the settlement of the estate, Sevierville businessman Cliff Davis purchased the property and operated it for a couple of years, converting the restaurant into a gift shop. In 1952, the property was purchased by Mack and Agnes Marshall who reopened the restaurant and continued to rent the cabins. Prompted by the ever-increasing tourist traffic to the national park, US 441 was improved and widened in the late 1950s, taking with it the restaurant building, the dam, the swinging bridge, and the six cabins nearest the river.</p><br>
<p>At that time, the wormy chestnut wood from the restaurant walls was salvaged and used for the ceiling in the log house, the ceiling fan was placed on the porch of the log house, and the water wheel was moved from behind the restaurant up the hill to its current location. The water wheel was restored c. 1955 using red-painted plywood sides and aluminum buckets, and it was restored again in October 2012 with more historically accurate white oak sides and buckets.</p><br>
<p>Perry’s camp was one of the first tourist sites in East Tennessee and one of very few which has retained much of its construction originality in the four cabins and log house which still exist. As a result, Perry’s Camp was entered on the National Register of Historic Places on October 30, 1992. The listing includes the terracing, rock walls, four cabins, and log house. The site is now named Flat Branch Cottages, and three of the four cabins are still rented to tourists April through October. The site has been owned and operated by the Mack Marshall family since 1952.</p><br>
<p>Bear Pond is a lake in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is located less than 0.5 mi west of the Washington County border, approximately 1 mi southeast of the summit of Lead Mountain, and 1.2 mi northwest of Maine State Route 9 near the town of Beddington. The inflow to Bear Pond comes primarily from Bear Brook, which drains the southeastern slopes of Lead Mountain, which comprises primarily the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine , an experimental forest. There are two USGS stream gauges on the East and West Branches of Bear Brook. An unpaved road provides access to the BBWM from state route 9 and passes about 200 ft from the eastern end of the pond. Bear Pond is surrounded by forest and is drained at its western end by the Little Narraguagus River.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Pond  is a large artificial pond in northern Kaliningrad, Russia. It was known as the Oberteich while part of Königsberg, Germany, until 1945.</p><br>
<p>The pond is elevated 22 metres above the Pregel River and encompasses 41.1 hectares. Freshwater life living in the Upper Pond include perch, roach, carp, tench, pike, and eels. Located near the water is the Kaliningrad Amber Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Pond, then known as the Oberteich, was created in 1270 by the Teutonic Knights as a fishing pond north of medieval Königsberg. The levee separating it from the southern Schlossteich or Lower Pond eventually became the street Wrangelstraße. Part of the rural district of Königsberg (Landkreis Königsberg i. Pr.) since 1818, the Oberteich was incorporated into the city limits on 1 April 1882.</p><br>
<p>Quarters of Königsberg in the vicinity of the pond included Hinterroßgarten to the southeast, Hintertragheim to the southwest, Tragheimsdorf to the west, and Maraunenhof to the north. East of the Oberteich were gardens and the Königsberg horse racing track. Along its shores were public baths (Prussia Badeanstalt, KSC-Badeanstalt, Hansa-Badeanstalt), a military bath, and an angling club.</p><br>
<p>The pond was transferred from Germany to the Soviet Union following World War II in 1945. The German consulate is located along the northern shore of the modern Upper Pond.</p><br>
<p>Lake Wooleen is a DIWA-listed intermittent freshwater lake system located in the Mid West region of Western Australia. The lake is situated on Wooleen Station, approximately 148 km north of Yalgoo and 176 km west of Cue.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 5,500 hectare lake is situated on the Yilgarn Craton, lying on alluvial and lacrustine valley-fill deposits in the flood plain of the Roderick River. The surrounding country gently undulates among isolated hills and rocky outcrops Wooleen is a flood plain lake made up of two claypans joined by a neck including associated marches.</p><br>
<p>The lake receives water approximately once every four years, fills once every ten years and floods once every thirty years. It results from its position on a fault line and when it overflows it discharges into the Murchison River, but when the Murchison is in flood it can flow into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Filling is usually the result of rain events of a tropical origin that occur in Autumn and Summer, water depth may reach as high as several metres when full and can take as long as ten months to dry out again. The water quality is fresh when full but becomes increasingly brackish as the lake dries out again.</p><br>
<p>The vegetation in the lakebed and claypans is mostly shrubland with species such as samphire and lignum dominating, and low open woodland of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the margins. The surrounding vegetation is taller open shrubland.</p><br>
<p>Magone Lake is a 30 acre body of water in the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon in the United States. The lake, at nearly 5,000 ft above sea level, is in Grant County, 10 mi north of the small city of John Day. It receives water from Lake Creek, which continues downstream from the lake and flows into East Fork Beech Creek in the John Day River watershed.</p><br>
<p>Among the few natural lakes in this part of Oregon, Magone Lake is popular for its recreational opportunities, particularly fishing, including ice fishing during the cold months. Rainbow trout and brook trout are abundant.</p><br>
<p>The United States Forest Service maintains a campground with single-family and group sites at the lake. A separate day-use area has picnic tables, changing rooms for swimmers, and a boat dock. Wildflower viewing, hiking, and mountain biking are other activities available nearby.</p><br>
<p>Varaita Valley  is a valley in south-west of Piedmont, in the Province of Cuneo - Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>It takes its name from the Varaita, a right-hand tributary of the Po which flows through the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Close the French border the valley is divided in two sub-valleys named Valle di Bellino (south) and Valle di Chianale (north), which meet near Casteldelfino.</p><br>
<p>The municipalities of Varaita Valley are Bellino, Brossasco, Casteldelfino, Costigliole Saluzzo, Frassino, Isasca, Melle, Piasco, Pontechianale, Rossana, Sampeyre, Valmala, Venasca and Verzuolo.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>The most important mountains of the walley are the Monviso (3.841 m) and its subpeaks.</p><br>
<p>Other relevant summits of the valley, all belonging to the Cottian Alps, are:</p><br>
<p>Valle di Chianale:</p><br>
<p>Monte Losetta - 3054 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Ruine - 3143 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Aiguillette - 3298 m</p><br>
<p>Pic d&#39;Asti - 3219 m</p><br>
<p>Rocca Bianca - 3064 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Pelvo - 3024 m</p><br>
<p>Valle di Bellino:</p><br>
<p>Cima Mongioia - 3340 m</p><br>
<p>Testa di Malacosta - 3212 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Ferra - 3094 m</p><br>
<p>Testa di Malacosta - 3212 m</p><br>
<p>Pelvo di Ciabrera - 3152 m</p><br>
<p>Pelvo d&#39;Elva - 3046 m</p><br>
<p>Mid and lowest part of the valley:</p><br>
<p>Punta Rasciassa - 2664 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Nebin - 2510 m</p><br>
<p>Testa di Garitta Nuova - 2385 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Birrone - 2131 m</p><br>
<p>Monte Ricordone - 1764 m</p><br>
<p>Monte san Bernardo - 1625 m</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The valley can be reached by car/bus from Po Plain following the strada provinciale della Valle Varaita; it also can be accessed by the French region of Queyras by the Collle dell&#39;Agnello, the third highest Alpine pass crossed by an asphalted road.</p><br>
<p>Kent Peak, at 11,664 ft above sea level is the second highest peak in the Boulder Mountains of Idaho. Located on the border of Blaine and Custer counties, Kent Peak is about 0.75 mi south of the range&#39;s highest point, Ryan Peak. The peak is also on the border of Sawtooth National Recreation Area and Salmon-Challis National Forest and partially within the Hemingway–Boulders Wilderness. It is the 34th highest peak in Idaho.</p><br>
<p>The primary route to Kent Peak begins north of Ketchum along Idaho State Highway 75 at the Sawtooth National Recreation Area headquarters. Take national forest road 146 north from the headquarters until you reach the trailhead at the end of the road. Trail 115 ascends the ridge to the west of Kent Peak, but the primary class 3 route follows the south ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Caledonia Bowstring Bridge is a historic bridge in the village of Caledonia, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1870s but no longer in use, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, local officials arranged with the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio for the construction of a bowstring arch bridge over the Scioto River. The completed bridge features lattice bracing over the deck, which enabled the design to have both vertical and horizontal support at a low cost. Its structure combines elements of iron and steel.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Marion County Engineer decided to remove the bridge from its original location in order to build a new bridge at its original location. Instead of destroying it, the engineers office moved it to Caledonia, where village officials arranged for its placement across the Olentangy River in order to provide access to a community park. Four years later, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in Ohios history and as an example of historically important methods of construction. Despite village officials&#39; plans, by 2011 the bridge was abandoned and overgrown.</p><br>
<p>The House in the Horseshoe, also known as the Alston House, is a historic house in Carthage, North Carolina in Moore County, and a historic site managed by the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Historic Sites division. The home, built in 1772 by Philip Alston, was the site of a battle between loyalists under the command of David Fanning and patriot militiamen under Alstons command on either July 29 or August 5, 1781 . The battle ended with Alstons surrender to Fanning, in which Alstons wife negotiated the terms with the loyalists.</p><br>
<p>In 1798, the home was sold to Benjamin Williams, who would become Governor of North Carolina from 1799-1802, and again in 1807-1808. Williams owned approximately 103 slaves and produced about 300 acres of cotton annually at the site of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Moore County Historical Association purchased the home in 1954, and ownership was then transferred to the state in 1955. The property was made a North Carolina Historic Site in 1971. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal  church located at 805 Monroe Street in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The church&#39;s congregation was established in 1864, making it the first A.M.E. church in the state. Its first church was a preexisting church building built in 1828; this was demolished to make way for the present building, which was completed in 1912. The church has a Romanesque Revival design with an auditorium plan, a common style for church buildings built in Mississippi at the time. The building features a four-story tower on the north side topped by a crenellated pyramid roof, stained glass rose windows on three sides, and a cross gabled roof with a corbelled parapet.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1992.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church on D&#39;Olive Street in Bay Minette, Alabama. It was built in 1914 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The Bay Minette Public Library currently occupies the building.</p><br>
<p>http://focus.nps.gov/nrhp/GetAsset?assetID=b426ff5b-7559-474f-b0ca-d8a5c53b3302</p><br>
<p>Historical Summary:</p><br>
<p>Bay Minette came into being when the L&N laid track across north Baldwin</p><br>
<p>County in 1865. The town became a lumber and market center for much of the</p><br>
<p>county. In the earliest years Baptists and Methodists worshipped together in</p><br>
<p>a brush arbor. In 1870 they built the Union Church and alternated services.</p><br>
<p>By 1878 the Baptists were strong enough to build their first church which stood</p><br>
<p>until 1895 when another was erected. By the early 1900s the congregation once</p><br>
<p>again outgrew its frame building and more ambitious plans were laid. A contract</p><br>
<p>was finally let in June 1915; the building was to cost $5,300 exclusive of</p><br>
<p>windows and pews. The lot, close to the square, was purchased for $500. By</p><br>
<p>October 1915 the Baldwin Times noted the addition of the Baptist Church to</p><br>
<p>Bay Ninette&#39;s "metropolitan arcade, where a bank and several stores face each</p><br>
<p>other in bona fide Gotham style." (Baldwin Times, 10/7/15) The annex was added</p><br>
<p>in 1925. Despite this the congregation outgrew the brick ediface and abandoned</p><br>
<p>it in 1962 for a new building some blocks north of the square.</p><br>
<p>Oakey Streak Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church in Butler County, Alabama. The congregation was organized in 1831, and the land where the current church sits was given to the church in 1851. A log building was erected soon after, replaced by the current frame structure around the 1880s. The church was expanded and a bell tower was added in 1903. Along with the adjacent Masonic Lodge, which was demolished in the 1940s, the church was the social center of the area.</p><br>
<p>The church is built in Gothic Revival style, common among rural churches, and especially Methodist churches, in the South. The sanctuary is 32 feet wide by 48 feet long (9.8 by 14.6 m), with a front-facing gable roof and a box cornice with returns. The pyramidal roofed bell tower has a narrow one-over-one sash windows on each side, and a double entry door, covered by a simple pedimented overhang. An arched transom sits above the entryway. The tower is flanked by two Gothic lancet windows. Each side of the sanctuary has four equally-spaced two-over-two sashes.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Mann Lake is the largest of the shallow playa lakes in the northern part of the Alvord Valley in Harney County in the USA state of Oregon. The lake is a remnant of a larger Pleistocene lake that covered much of the valley, east of Steens Mountain. Fields&ndash;Denio Road runs along the east side of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Inflow to Mann Lake comes from small, intermittent streams, mainly from Steens Mountain. The lake, which has no outlet, but loses water by evaporation, is hypereutrophic. An influx of cattle waste from nearby rangelands adds to the lake&#39;s natural eutrophic state. Large concentrations of Cladophora algae are common.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management operates the Mann Lake Recreation Site, about 100 mi southeast of Burns by highway and unpaved road. The site has vault restrooms and boat ramps, but no other amenities. Recreation at or near the site includes fishing, camping, hiking, wildlife viewing, and amateur geology.</p><br>
<p>Mann Lake, stocked with Lahontan cutthroat trout, has been called "one of the premiere trout fisheries in southeast Oregon". Trout in the lake range in length from 12 to 20 in. Fishing is restricted to artificial flies and lures.</p><br>
<p>A large population of goldfish, introduced illegally, have at times multiplied in Mann Lake and competed for food with the smaller trout. In 2010, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife treated the lake with rotenone, a piscicide, killing around 200,000 goldfish and fathead minnows while sparing nearly all the trout.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ararat Baptist Church is a historic church at 1920 Slayden Avenue, Ensley in Birmingham, Alabama. It is located in the Ensley suburb, west of downtown Birmingham, and overlooks Highway 239. It was originally built in 1929 but was modified in 1950 to add a red brick veneer.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It has also been known as Mount Ararat Missionary Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by African-American architect Wallace Rayfield and is described as having "a restrained Gothic Revival design". It is a cross-gabled church originally built in 1929 but veneered in smooth varitone red brick in 1950. It has a concrete foundation and a multi-gable asphalt shingle roof.</p><br>
<p>The church is significant for its association during 1956 to 1963 with the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and with the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>Canaan Baptist Church is a historic church at 824 Fifteenth Street North in Bessemer, Alabama. Built in 1961, it had a congregation active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1865 by Reverend W. M. Grimes, a white minister, Canaan Baptist is among the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in Bessemer. Many of its congregation had belonged to the white-dominated Canaan Baptist Church before the American Civil War but, with freedom, wanted to have an independent congregation. Southern African-American congregations soon set up state Baptist associations, aided by churches in the Midwest, and eventually the National Baptist Convention (which split in the 20th century). The "white" Canaan Baptist church also still operates in Bessemer as part of the Southern Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<p>Canaan Baptist Church in Bessemer was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 for its role as a locally significant property and key strategy center in the city during the Civil Rights Movement in the Birmingham area from the early to mid-1960s.</p><br>
<p>The African-American congregation of Canaan Baptist has occupied this lot in downtown Bessemer since 1889. The first church building on the current lot, at the corner of 9th Avenue and 15th Street, was opened in 1940 during the ministry of Reverend E. L. Plant. It was completed until 1947. The following year the Reverend Dr. J. H. Browder became the minister of Canaan Baptist Church. The present church building, constructed in 1961, is the second on the lot and was built under the direction of Rev. Browder, with George Wilson of Selma, Alabama, as the contractor.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the Civil Rights Movement</h2><br>
<p>Under the leadership of Reverend Dr. J. H. Browder, who was pastor of Canaan Baptist from 1948 until his death in March 1964, the congregation was active in the civil rights movement. Reverend Browder significantly expanded the public outreach and service of the church. He improved church administration and greatly expanded educational programs, establishing a youth department and educational department, a Christian Aid Union, a Sunday School program, and a Matrons Department.</p><br>
<p>He also was active, along with other members of the congregation, in the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in the late 1950s. Rev. Browder and Canaan Baptist gained a reputation locally for being a strong voice for equal rights, voting rights, and public desegregation at a time when African Americans were segregated by law and custom. They had been effectively disenfranchised under the state constitution since the late 19th century. Rev. Browder preached equality and fairness from the pulpit every Sunday. He strongly supported local efforts to desegregate schools after the United States Supreme Court&#39;s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional as a denial of due process and equal rights.</p><br>
<p>Due to its public positions during the early civil rights period, the members of Canaan attracted considerable attention from white officials. In 1959, the City of Bessemer abruptly condemned the church&#39;s building, which had been first built in 1889 and expanded in 1908. The twin-tower church was an African-American landmark within Bessemer and the congregation had ensured that it received numerous updates and improvements during the Browder years to keep it safe and comfortable.</p><br>
<p>But, in 1958 two other black churches in the city had been destroyed by fires, which city officials claimed resulted from construction and wiring deficiencies. (Local African Americans believed that the fires were not accidental, as bombings of black churches and ministers&#39; homes by KKK chapters was prevalent during these years in Birmingham and had already occurred in Bessemer. On April 28, 1957, the Allen Temple AME Church, at Ninth Avenue and 22nd Street, suffered a dynamite blast at the rear of the church during an evening service. There were no fatalities.)</p><br>
<p>The city government condemned the historic building of Canaan Baptist as unsafe. The congregation was forced to build a new one-story contemporary brick structure in 1960-61.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Browder made this an opportunity to expand the church&#39;s vital role in providing social and educational services for African Americans in Bessemer. For example, the segregated African-American public schools in Bessemer were not funded to support a kindergarten for black children. Rev. Browder organized a kindergarten for local children, which met in the basement of the 1961 church building. The new building, with its basement meeting rooms and the large sanctuary, became a strategy center for the congregation. It discussed and planned its role in such pivotal events in the greater Birmingham area as the Selective Buying Campaign of 1962, by which black residents boycotted stores that discriminated against them; the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Birmingham in 1962, and the Project C ("Confrontation") demonstrations of 1963, intended to fill the jails with civil rights protesters in Birmingham and Bessemer.</p><br>
<p>After Rev. Browder&#39;s death in 1964, Rev. A. L. Bratcher became the minister. He led the church into a significant local role in implementing aspects of the civil rights movement in Bessemer. Reverend Bratcher helped the church become involved in the federal War on Poverty through using the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Through the creation of a Community Action Agency headquartered at the church, the congregation in 1964 established a Community Development Credit Union (CDCU), which still operates from the church in the 21st century. The Canaan Baptist CDCU was one of the first developed in the nation; it was eventually part of a national program of approximately 400 credit unions created between 1965 and 1973. It provided equal opportunity loans to local residents, who otherwise were discriminated against by local banks for the purchases of houses and the development of local businesses. The Community Action Agency also worked with congregation members and local residents on implementing the federal legislation of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Horace P. Turner became pastor at Canaan Baptist in December 1969 and continued as pastor to the end of the century. Under his leadership, the congregation built the educational annex in 1984, which provided new office space for the church&#39;s religious and social programs.</p><br>
<p>The Canaan Baptist Church is considered a locally significant strategy center for church buildings as part of Birmingham&#39;s Civil Rights Movement, 1933-1979.</p><br>
